It needs to find the data somewhere, you can check what you have it set to in projectConfig.h (find in your build directory), check the value of DEFAULT_DATA_DIR. This is where it is looking for game data.
If you have it hard-coded to some location (ie, on your desktop machine) then thats why it runs off the HDD on your desktop machine, but not the laptop.
If you have GAE installed on the laptop, then you can set the data dir to '../share/glestae' and rebuild, then replace the exe & pdb in $(ProgramFiles)/glestadv-0.3.2/bin.
If you don't have GAE installed on the laptop, you need to put the game data on it, either copy the contents of $(GIT_DIR)/data/game onto it somewhere (and set the data dir appropriately) or install GAE 0.3.2, and just replace the binaries.
You can also change the data directory on the command line (or in a shortcut) with '-datadir path/to/data'. Point it at some valid data and it should run