So it does seem like the forum purge succeeded. We've had zero negative feedback since (people could still write in by e-mail when their accounts were dropped).
I've also since added several bans which only trigger upon registration of new users and thus do not slow the forum down further in normal operation. Those are some rather broad blocks on new registrations - I've blocked entire network ranges for those ISPs our regular spammers came from. Apparently they don't actually use proxies, since all of these spammers connected from IP addresses in India, Pakistan, Philippines and Vietnam.
When someone from these IP addresses tries to register now they will get to see a message telling them that their ISP is blocked and that they should send us e-mail providing their registration details, so we can register them manually. Sadly this message is just in English, but then this forum is entirely in English, too, so I guess that's at least not making things worse.
And these bans work really well, we have not had new spammy registrations (or any I could detect to be such) for a week now (while we used to have a couple every one or two days before). So I think this trade-off is quite acceptable for now.